Yes

Yes, I am a Christ-ian, a follower of the Christ Wisdom, of the melding of God and Human, of the Source Sourcing, of the Wellspring Springing. Yes, I follow the Christ, the Radiance of Being, the Light that lights all consciousness. 

Contemplation

Attention directs energy. Whatever we attend to, we become. We become like that to which we attend. Attend to a character in a movie, we start becoming like that character. This is why prayer, meditation, contemplation are so important and so powerful. When we pray, we become like our prayer. When we open in con-templ-ation, we enter the templum, the clear open space, and become like that clear open space, like the Godhead that births God, the Wellspring that springs forth, the Source that sources all. If we do not meditate, contemplate, or pray, we pretty much stay a sack of meat caught in thoughts.

The Hidden Third

We have (are) our sensory world of what we call fact and we have (are) our inner world of what we call imagination. They say if we live by the first alone, we are subhuman. If we live by the second alone, we are insane. So most of us move through the day doing a balancing act, always reconciling the two. We move rapidly back and forth from one to the other, so quickly that we may not even notice what we are doing. Yet there is a third force, that which births the two. No, it is not out there in the world of fact. No, it is not in here in the world of imagination. It is the source of the two. It is the Source sourcing. Not defined by “in” or “out,” it is the Third. The Third from which all arises. We are the Source sourcing. We are the Third, the Hidden Third, dualing / dueling. This is the Wellspring springing forth. This is the Living Water which is never quenched, which quenches all thirst.

Heart of Joy

Joy! He realizes deeply that his reason for being is the expression of the joy in his soul, the joy at his core, the joy of seeing a chicken on a roof, of seeing a cat by a pumpkin, the joy of the moon sending bliss through the trees. Others at times seem to wish him to suffer, to be grave and serious, but try as he might, the best he can muster is sincere. Sincere: from the heart. And what is his heart but a heart of joy. Nothing he can do about it. It is his nature and nature they say must take its course.

Confluence

How can we understand others unless we are converted to their position while maintaining our own? This can be particularly difficult with those we like to dislike, love to hate. We may have already decided that we do not wish to understand them at all. Yet this is the example that God, our Source, gives us. God understands everyone. God is isomorphic with, confluent with everyone’s position while maintaining His own. This is different from gods and goddesses who never convert to anyone’s position, who only pretend to in order to get their own way or engage in outright warfare for self gain.

With God as a role model, we engage in paradox. God is nothing if not paradoxical. We open completely to the other’s world view, to the other’s experience of the world while simultaneously not abandoning our own. Paradox. Holding contrary views simultaneously. How is this done? Is it not easier to stand firm within one’s own calcification and judge the world from there? To stare out at the world from within one’s own fortification, protected from all further understanding? 

Self-fortification is old school. These times require, demand interflow. Vengeance and anger and self-righteousness are out, side pockets of putrid staleness. We are becoming more like God and less like gods. How is this done? By moving with the currents of the Life Force itself, by moving with the currents of Love.

Faith, belief, and dogma

Belief, faith, and dogma. Take a chair. Belief is that the chair will hold you up. Faith is actually sitting in the chair. Dogma is believing that your chair is the ONLY chair.

the way you take it

You can take it metaphorically or you can take it literally. Me, I take it intuitionally and those two too. Intuitionally means the whole inner core of the earth you are rumbles and rattles and sends vibrational quakes outward in all directions shaking what is not nailed down and loosening the nails in all the rest.

the eyes have it

Be careful where you place your eyes, for what your eyes take in you become. The eyes are the outward manifestation of the brain. The brain and the heart are intimately connected. The eyes feed the soul. 

The inner vision is as important as, perhaps more important than, the outer vision. Our vision creates our world and co-creates the world of us all.

Jesusian

It is fashionable these days to not believe in Jesus, to not believe in God, and definitely to not believe in Jesus as God personified. So I am out of step with fashion. It is more safe to be a Buddhist or a Taoist. One is spared the anti-God rant. It is also easy to stand on one’s hind legs and howl and yowl at the heavens. Piece of cake. Been there, done that. Or sit quietly in existential despair while one sucks what teats of satisfaction that can be found. Mocking is also “in,” as well as yelling that if one believes in God, one is anti-science. Poppycock. I am one of the most avid scientists I know.

I’ve been re-re-reading the Book of John and find Jesus to be the most powerful example of intellect and heart that I know (and I have read all the “greats”). He is hilarious in some of the things he does and says. He cannot abide pomposity, pops those balloons of righteous indignation as soon as they appear. He leaves the self-absorbed pompous sputtering or with gaping silence. He loves and hangs out with the street folk of good heart, the so-called common folk, while talking at the highest and deepest intellectual and spiritual level with the educated seeker.

I love this Dude. God, our Source, embodying to ask our forgiveness for being such a self-absorbed ruler in earlier times and now coming as a servant to set the new tone. Plus, he speaks in parables, my favorite kind of fare, the cosmic food I love to ingest. I don’t mind if you don’t think this way or experience Life this way. You will do as you will. As for me, I know that we are the Source embodying, that this is the greatest gift that can be bestowed, and that Jesus blazed the trail as the Role Model, the Example.

Global Spirituality

Global Spirituality: the ongoing movement within us all, as planetary citizens, to listen to and move in accord with the Spirit, the Life Force, that forms us, the Spirit of Love, of Grace, of Interflow.

God

The story of God's embodying as Jesus in order to do recompense for his own distancing from and treatment of the humanimals he created makes more sense to me than the story that he did so because of our screwups. By taking on a human life, suffering rejection, and dying young in the cruelest death, he acknowledged our situation by sharing it, taking it on personally, rising out of death anew with a fresh start -- the fresh start being a different relationship, forgiveness all the way around, especially with our forgiving of God. Now we have company, a compassionate, loving, and understanding God. One who truly knows what we are going through. No blame. No judgment. Forgiveness. All the way around. (On reading Jack Miles, "Christ: A Crisis in the Life of God.")

I Die Daily

“I die daily.” I Corinthians 15: 31

What does this mean, to die daily? It means to take the time to release yourself from all your plans and schemes, to know that the hardened shell you have created for yourself as your self is just that, a shell. Not to worry. You can form it again. Or perhaps form one that is a little more effective in your ongoing shell game. “I die daily.” Once a day I release. I let go. I allow go, the onrush of the life I am. I am the flowing water rather than the container. I breathe. I sigh, like the tree branches in the wind. I disappear. Only life remains. I die so I may come to life.

My Work

I do not wish to stand and look at what is wrong. I leave that to others compelled to do so. My work is to assist in putting the first humans on earth. By human I mean one whose consciousness is open to the ongoing flow of the Life Force which births us, which brings us into being, whose embodyings we are. By human I mean one whose mindheart is in conscious relationship with the Source of all being. By human I mean one who lives every moment, every day as a springing of the Wellspring. By human I mean one who is more than an Isolated Protoplasmic Blob (IPB) who lives mainly in a society of IPBs. By human I mean one who has surrendered her IPB to the open radiance of the interflow of the eternal. By human I mean one who has burst open the coffin of self-definition and has become as nothing so that the Great Something can be and is born. I do not wish to stand and look at what is wrong. My work is to assist in putting the first humans on earth.

Children of the Cosmos

We are children of the Cosmos, offspring of the Wellspring, creations of Yahweh, lovers of Allah, daughters and sons of God by whatever name. Each of us receives this knowledge, this knowing, this understanding, this rejuicing and rejoicing in ways we understand. Each cup holds the water according to its shape and its capacity. All cups are welcome in the Kingdom of the Father, the Queendom of the Mother, the Realm of the Infinite Eternal. Each of us holds a sacred space that no other holds. We need each other, learn from each other, respect each other's understanding while not relinquishing our own. This is who we are. This is what we do. Blessings to you if you think your cup is the only one, the true one, and that all other cups are false. The cup is not the focus here. The focus is the Water. Are we open to the flow through of the Water of Life? Are we continuously baptized in its cleansing flow? We open. We pray. We are grateful for the Graciousness. We breathe in Its Goodness. We breathe out Lovingkindness to All.

street talk

Had a really great, deep and interesting spirituo-theo-logical conversation for about 20 minutes or so with a friend I bumped into on the sidewalk today. Enlightening. Thought-provoking. Those just don't happen every day.

One of the topics my friend brought up was pre-prayer. You don't just rush in and grab God by the throat (my terminology). You settle down into a relaxed quiet stillness and then begin your conversation. He brightened at the analogy I used of the anteroom or mud room in South Dakota where you divest yourself of your coat, hat, gloves, muddy or snowy boots and then go in to the inner sanctum of your warm cosy house.

C.H.A.N.G.E.

We live in and as an ever flowing streaming of energy. This energy flows out of and is the Mystery that is so intimate, so close, that provides us with our very breath, that is our Source. We separate ourselves from it, from this streaming at our own peril. We become hardened cysts as we re-cyst the eternal flow.

Let us call this flow Newly Generating Energy. It is happening now, this moment, and every moment. It has moment-um. It is Continuous. It is C.H.A.N.G.E. which takes one of two forms. We are the ones who choose what it is to be.

This eternal flow that we are is either Continuous Hassle Amidst Newly Generating Energy or Continuous Healing Amidst Newly Generating Energy. This is who we are. One or the other. Hassle or Healing. We decide.

We are a closed and knotted fist against it all or we are open flow. What is this Newly Generating Energy that is so healing (making whole, making holy: heal, whole, and holy have similar roots)? It is not the energy of the world we have created for ourselves with its divisiveness, its angers, its separations. That is not the Newly Generating Energy. That is a carbuncle on the butt of God.

The Newly Generating Energy is the life force that births all, from the subatomic to the metagalactic; that births us and continues to birth us ALL. The NGE is the Flow that continues to manifest in all formations. We are embodyings of the NGE. When we identify with the Flow rather than the meat, our lives transform. Love the meat and be the Flow. That has been the way of our spiritual ancestors, spiritual gangsters all.

the soft glow of my awareness

3 a.m. -- Awaking from sleep -- the intermediate world between sleep and wakefulness -- I saw that to “have no other images before me” means to have no images at all in one’s consciousness -- none “before” me. I saw one, sometimes two, images floating in the soft glow of my awareness and my ability to make them disappear -- the lesson repeating itself in my mind -- “have no other images before me.” (Exodus 20:3)

Commentary: If you truly want to see, let go of attachments to your favorite images, to all images, of you, of others, of the world. Let go of self-hypnosis (hip gnosis).

Renegade Preacher

Dear Unborn Kin,

A little info to let you know who continues to write to you. I am a renegade preacher, a mouthpiece for the truth I hear in the marrow of my bones and the blood of my heart. Preachers are not popular anymore but when has that ever mattered when you know what you know and are compelled to speak it out loud. Though I do like the appellation of mouthpiece better. The mouthpiece gets out of the way and lets the client do the talking.

One of my favorite parts of the Bible is In Hebrews !3 where it refers to Jesus going “outside the camp.” This is where I went and still am. Outside all camps of formulated thought. Outside all camps yet seemingly welcome at every campfire. Like I said, renegade preacher.

Nothing to be done about it. Nothing I want to do about it. It's who I am and what I do. The next time I write I will move far away from this, to me, boring topic. Back to the condition of the world we find ourselves in today.

I hope all this that is happening now in 2014 has turned out well for you.

Your Loving Ancestor

Views

A gentleman was on TV tonight saying that the Pope's statement that evolution is not inconsistent with the notion of creation is a case of the Pope trying to have his cake and eat it too. He said it was dualism (matter plus spirit, the Pope's view) versus materialism (only matter exists, his view -- which he regards as absolute truth). He neglected to mention my (and a few others' ) view, which he may not know exists, that all is spirit (the life force) and that matter is simply condensed life-force or spirit. All three views accept that everything came from NoThing. As for me, I certainly don't mind calling that God.

the seen and the unseen

The Seen and the Unseen. The Seen is what is seen through the physical senses. The Unseen is all else. The Seen is a very small world compared to the Unseen. To build one's life around the Seen and ignore the Unseen is like an eagle trying to live in a hummingbird's nest. Or, perhaps more appropriate size wise, like trying to fit the boundless Cosmos into a thimble. And here is the Mystery. It can be done. This is who we are.

Yayyyy Jesus!!!

Many seem to have made Jesus into a sanctified marshmallow for their salvational s'mores, but he was a wild paradoxical parable speaking dude who hung out with the lowlife, spurning the societal, religious, and political establishments! Yayyyy Jesus!!!

capaciousness

"Capaciousness. It's all about capaciousness. Capacity. Room." The folk around me have heard that more than a few times. Here's a Jesus story that points to the truth of that. I read it a few minutes ago. It's in Mark.

"6 1-2 He left there and returned to his hometown. His disciples came along. On the Sabbath, he gave a lecture in the meeting place. He made a real hit, impressing everyone. “We had no idea he was this good!” they said. “How did he get so wise all of a sudden, get such ability?”

3 But in the next breath they were cutting him down: “He’s just a carpenter—Mary’s boy. We’ve known him since he was a kid. We know his brothers, James, Justus, Jude, and Simon, and his sisters. Who does he think he is?” They tripped over what little they knew about him and fell, sprawling. And they never got any further.

4-6 Jesus told them, “A prophet has little honor in his hometown, among his relatives, on the streets he played in as a child.” Jesus wasn’t able to do much of anything there—he laid hands on a few sick people and healed them, that’s all. He couldn’t get over their stubbornness. He left and made a circuit of the other villages, teaching."

There you go. They thought about him this way, then thought about him that way. Then decided to shut down. No capacity to receive. No capaciousness. Then, no matter what, Jesus "couldn't get over their stubbornness." My point? It seems to be a law of the universe. If I don't make any room in the In, nothing will get in. Capaciousness. I'm the only one that can open and allow greater and greater understanding and the happiness of a large and gracious spirit.

Zen Baptist Book Intro

Long years ago I packed my metaphysical bags and left Troup and Fulton counties and the Baptists behind to go see what the Buddhists were up to. I could not have stated it clearly at the time but I had a definite sense of mission and purpose. Little did I know that I would learn the rudiments of Zen through the martial arts at Tatsuo Shimabuku's dojo behind his house in Agena, Okinawa. Now I am reporting back to the Baptists as some kind of rebound missionary with my gained perspective. But they may not trust me. Am I still a Baptist? 

I am a Zen Baptist -- a peculiar sort of Baptist to be sure. Buddhists of old were horrified by the Zen Buddhists chopping up wooden likenesses of the Buddha for firewood because they were way too cold. This Zen Baptist has no problem with chopping up the icons that we Baptists get too comfy with, too attached. But then neither did Jesus in his day. The rigid ones gave themselves holy hell over his words and ways.

Marcus Borg writes eloquently and well of the pre-Easter Jesus (the human historical Jesus) and the post-Easter Jesus (the experiential Jesus of Christianity). I write of the post-Christian Jesus, who has escaped the mindset, dogma, and doctrines of Christianity, who has gone beyond human consciousness structures, who cannot be captured by a net of moral values and triumphant righteousness. I know and love all three. 

I was looking at a book my Mom gave me a few years ago: George MacDonald’s “The Highlander’s Last Song.” On the title page, she wrote in her fine penmanship, “Just wanted to share with you such deep-thinking and good words. So much like you. Love always, Mama.” She then inscribed “p. 53, 54 bottom paragraph.” The paragraph, marked by her with a line in the margin, says: 

“Ian was one of those blessed few who doubt many things by virtue of a larger faith—causing consternation among those of smaller faith who wrongly see such doubts as signs of unbelief. But while his roots were seeking a deeper soil, his faith could not show so fast a growth above ground. He doubted most about the things he loved best, while he devoted the energies of a mind whose keenness almost masked its power, to discover possible ways of believing them. To the wise his doubts would have been his best credentials; they were worth ten times the faith of most. It was truth, and higher truth, he was always seeking. The sadness which colored his deepest individuality could be removed only by the conscious presence of the Eternal.”

Thanks, Mom.

Son of Man

As I continue becoming more closely reacquainted with Jesus through reading The Message, a translation of the Bible in contemporary street language (more my style), I am struck by his use of "the Son of Man" in referring to himself. I googled it and found considerable disagreement as to what it means. So I sat quietly and I could see what it means. Jesus is the furtherest birthing of all humanity. He is out there, ahead of all of us. He is the advance opening of consciousness, of wisdom, of understanding. As we continue to open to the consciousness state of Jesus, we move the consciousness state of humanity, of Man (which includes all gender) to higher, wider, deeper realms.

morning thoughts

Morning thoughts: I dearly love Jesus. Am reading anew of his exploits in Eugene Peterson’s “The Message.” He really gave the hypocrites (those who say one thing and do another) and the warmongers of his day a tough time. They couldn’t do a thing with him in direct encounter. So they had him killed of course. Not much has changed. Except for one thing. The spirit and presence of Jesus is still around. Here I am talking about him, loving his example, and laughing about some of the things he said and did. I think Jesus and Buddha and Lao Tzu and Muhammad and Chuang Tzu would get along well. In fact I think they do. It’s we humanoids that set up barriers and sit within our exclusive enclaves hurling out invectives at all who disagree with us. It’s time for people of Heart in all spiritual paths to love, respect each other and to work together in harmony. We are all members of the Navel Tribe, plucked from the same vine, with the belly scar to prove it.

Awareness awarenessing

We are Awareness awarenessing. We generally identify only with the small "a" awareness. We are like a pen writing upon a page. The pen point thinks it is of independent existence making this mark here now (small "a" awareness). The pen point fails to realize (real eyes) that it is a part of a pen held by a hand attached to an arm attached to a body of Conscious Awareness. Thus we have "churches" of the Holy Pen Point, others of the Total Pen, a few of the Hand and Arm, some of the Entire Body, and almost none of the Wholly Beyond. We are Awareness awarenessing, yet we become so engrossed in the marks we are making on the paper that we rarely open to Awareness. This is the world we live in. This is the world we have made and are making.

no such coin

There are those who worship God "out there" and those who reject God "out there." The worship and the rejection are two sides of the same coin. The coin is projection. The two, worshipper and rejector, though appearing diametrically opposed, are bound together by a common element: divisive consciousness. The person who lives as Interflow has no such coin in her pocket.

grace and wu wei

When one does not cut God off by putting Him as "out there," the Christian concept and experience of grace is highly similar if not the same as the Taoist concept and experience of wu wei, flowing with What Is.

friction

This world is friction. Walk is friction. Talk is friction. Thinking is friction. Relationship is friction. Even love needs a lubricant. The move toward homogeneity (sameness) and the move toward heterogeneity (difference) is ongoing. Neither goes away nor should or this world will disappear. These two simultaneous counter moves creating such friction are balanced by a third force: stillness. A dynamic stillness moving with (not against) the friction. This stillness is at our core.

framed

Our physical body has a skeleton, a framework for supporting it. So does our spiritual body. The spiritual body's frame is called a religion or philosophy. Whatever it is called, our spiritual body has a skeleton. It is a handy device for holding one's place, for getting around. One day it will dissolve too. Then where will the spiritual body be? Where it is right now when it has no frame.

Question: Why were you like you were?
Answer: I was framed, Your Honor.

who

Cosmotheophilosphy 101. Some believe there is a Divinity. Some believe there is not. My question is: Who is this believing? Who is this believing there is? Who is this believing there is not? Who? You might say "I" or "me." Who is this I? Who is this me? You might start to give some explanation, but that just sets up the same question: Who is it giving this explanation of who they are? Who is it that has a mind made up?

Jesus and Buddha

Jesus gave me love. Buddha opened my mind.

mister awake

To my Christian friends who may not know: Buddhism is not a religion and Buddha is not seen as a god. He was walking along after his awareness opened, noticeably different, radiant. Someone asked, "Are you a god?" He said, "No. I am awake." Buddha means awake. He is Mister Awake. Buddhism is a philosophy of life. One of its teachings is that attachment is suffering. He also said, "Don't listen to me. Go find out for yourself."

the three stooges of the mind

Amongst all the cosmic realms, the realms of conscious awareness, we live in the Realm of Desire. Three forces keep us here. One is wanting what we do not have. This craving, this never fulfilled greed, is a hell of eternal dissatisfaction. A second is not wanting what we do have. Hostility and anger. The willingness to throw it all away. The third is stupor, the willingness to shut down awareness. Ignore-ance. These are the three stooges of the mind: Greed, Hostility, and Stupor. They come in both subtle and blatant forms. We see them operating in others more easily than the mind rotting that takes place within ourselves. To escape their hold, a first step is to become aware of their existence. I learned this from Buddha, Mister Awake, the great psychologist. Jesus, the great heart, fully agrees.

relational christianity

Orthodox christianity is based upon sin being obliterated through sacrifice. Relational christianity is based upon ignorance being obliterated through awareness.

the same infinity

No answers exist "out there" that are not also "in here." The outer infinity and the inner infinity are the same infinity.

theological filter

A theology is a developed system of religious belief and theory. What many folk who say they rely upon the New Testament writings about Jesus as truth do not comprehend is that those writings are a theology, a developed system of religious belief. That system, composed of Greek, Roman, and Jewish thought, is superimposed on Jesus. Only writings about Jesus that fit that organized system of thought and belief were allowed into the New Testament. All other writings were excluded. In reading the New Testament, one is looking at Jesus through a filter.

conversion

On Conversion. A simple way to experience conversion (change of consciousness state) is, if you are sitting down stand up, or if you are standing up take two steps in any direction (watch out if you are standing atop a tall building), or go to the next room. We are "converting" from our old selves all the time yet may think we are the same.

what is man?

"What is man, that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, that thou visitest him?" (Psalm 8:4)

Or as the genderly correct might say: What is a human, that thou art mindful of him/her? and the offspring of humans, that thou visitest her/him? But if you take the deeper mystic understanding that these two questions go beyond mere gender differences and their bounds we so love to defend, these two questions reverberate in a deep cosmic cry. Who are we? Who is this breathing us? Why are we alive? What is going on?

Being a psychologist, a mystic and a mythopoet, I see two consciousness realms referred to here. One is ordinary everyday make-a-buck linear eat-and-poop consciousness. The other is mythopoetic cosmic mystic supramental consciousness. The one deals with hardcore matter (condensed lifeforce); the other opens to boundless mystery.

The two questions contain their answers. When we are in ordinal consciousness, everyday consciousness, we are locked into ourselves, and our Source can only be mindful of us. We allow no more than that. We are a private universe chugging along on our own mission.

When we open awareness as the "son of man," as that which is emerging from ordinal consciousness, we are visited by an awareness that goes beyond all human societal definitions, aims, wants, and wishes. We become not only planetary, but cosmic citizens. We move from being a closed system to open interflow with all that is. Our education has just begun.

night and day

Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night sheweth knowledge. (Psalm 19: 2)

During the night, we dissolve our bounds. We open to new knowledge, new understanding. We no longer wear our ideological clothing. We see freshly, anew. Knowledge is shown, revealed. Our hearts, as organs of understanding, are happy.

During the day,we solidify, congeal. We go about our business, our busyness. We move both against and in accord with other's daytime demeanor. We leave behind the blessed open ignorance of the night. We take our positions. We act as if we know what we are doing.

shall a child be born?

"Then Abraham fell upon his face, and laughed, and said in his heart, Shall a child be born unto him that is an hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear?"(Genesis 17: 17)

As we get older, we can still bear spiritual fruit. Perhaps even more so. Though we have stumbled and fallen many times over the course of our decades, we have learned and are learning to walk in a more centered and radiant fashion.

The-One-Who-Breathes-Us is still with us, ever patient, ever compassionate, ever requesting that we open to the joys of existing, allowing us to know, to experience that the burning flame of suffering is also radiant light. The flesh of aging suffers but the compassionate open heart is consumed with quiet and radiant joy.

A child is born. Who and what is this child? It is ourselves. We are born again and again. Newness unfolds. Like a flame rising upward from a burning log. The log is decomposing and will eventually return to ground, even as the flame leaps into the air.

We are born into a realm in which we already are. All comes from the One. All lives in the One. All returns to the One from which it never left. We gain experience embodying as flesh. Our woundings are mouths that speak our truth.

We fall on our face and laugh. Partly in disbelief that newness will come, is coming again, and again. Partly in surprised joy. We rise up, give birth to the newness of our being.

Dialogue

Most of you won't be at all interested in this, so go on about your business. If Eastern-Western dialogue is to succeed, Buddhism and Christianity have to understand each other. Buddhism is founded on NoThingNess, Christianity on the One. O and 1. The basis of the Buddhist experience and view is nothing, no thing. The basis of the Christian experience and view is something, some thing. The Buddhists have no name for the nothing, saying if and when you give it a name, it becomes a something. The Christians call the something God. What is the common ground in these world views, these experiential stances? Perhaps it will prove to be the O. Some Christian philosophers have adopted the definition of God (the Ultimate 1) as a circle with no circumference whose center is everywhere. 1 = O.